1.
by, by means of (agent/cause)
Indicates the agent or cause of an action, especially in passive constructions.
2.
depending on, according to
Indicates that something varies or differs based on certain factors.
3.
through, via (method/means)
Indicates the method or means by which something is accomplished.
Formation: に + よって (from よる 'to depend on, to be based on').
Forms
- による + noun: prenominal form (地震による被害 'damage from the earthquake')
- によっては: 'in some cases, depending on'
- により: more formal written form
Common patterns
Passive agent: によって is the standard marker for the agent in formal passive sentences, as opposed to に in everyday speech.
Related Words
Related:
よる (base verb)
Related:
によると (according to (hearsay source))
Related:
として (as, in the capacity of)
Compare:
せいで (because of)