余(あま)す

あます
verb (godan, transitive)
to leave over; to leave (something) remaining; to have to spare
他動詞 transitiveaction
Conjugation
AffirmativeNegative
Present余(あま)す余(あま)さない
Present polite余(あま)します余(あま)しません
Past余(あま)した余(あま)さなかった
Past polite余(あま)しました余(あま)しませんでした
て form余(あま)して余(あま)さなくて
ている present余(あま)している余(あま)していない
ている polite余(あま)しています余(あま)していません
ている past余(あま)していた余(あま)していなかった
ている past polite余(あま)していました余(あま)していませんでした
Conditional ば余(あま)せば余(あま)さなければ
Conditional たら余(あま)したら余(あま)さなかったら
Volitional余(あま)そう—
Volitional polite余(あま)しましょう—
Potential余(あま)せる余(あま)せない
Passive余(あま)される余(あま)されない
Causative余(あま)させる余(あま)させない
Imperative余(あま)せ余(あま)すな
1. to leave (something) over; to leave remaining
To leave a portion of something unused, unfinished, or unconsumed. The transitive counterpart of 余(あま)る.
ご飯(はん)を余(あま)した。
I left some rice over (didn't finish it).
I left a bit of the side dish over and saved it for my younger brother.
食(た)べきれずに料理(りょうり)を半分(はんぶん)も余(あま)してしまった。
I couldn't finish it and ended up leaving half the food over.
〜(〜)してしまう adds the nuance of regret or unintended outcome.
2. to have (time/distance) to spare
Used in fixed expressions like 〜(〜)を余(あま)して to mean 'with (time/distance) to spare' before reaching a deadline or destination.
力(ちから)を余(あま)して勝(か)った。
He won with energy to spare.
I arrived at the station with plenty of time to spare.
He finished writing the manuscript with an hour to spare before the deadline.

余(あま)す is the transitive counterpart of 余(あま)る (to be left over). The pair forms a classic transitive/intransitive set: someone 余(あま)す something, vs. something 余(あま)る on its own.

Transitivity

Common collocations

  • 時間(じかん)を余(あま)す: to have time to spare
  • 力(ちから)を余(あま)す: to have energy/strength to spare
  • 〜(〜)を〜(〜)時間(じかん)余(あま)して: with (number of) hours to spare
  • 持(も)て余(あま)す: to be unable to handle (a separate fixed compound — see related)

Usage

  • Sense 1 (leaving food/material over) is much less common in everyday speech than 残(のこ)す, which is the default verb for leaving food on a plate. 余(あま)す sounds slightly stiff or literary in this sense.
  • Sense 2 (時間(じかん)を余(あま)して, etc.) is the more frequently encountered pattern, especially in sports commentary and news.

Related words

  • 余(あま)る: intransitive counterpart — to be left over
  • 残(のこ)す: to leave behind (more common for food/items)
  • 持(も)て余(あま)す: to be at a loss with; to find too much to handle