1.
and, as well as
Very formal conjunction used to connect larger groups or categories, often in legal or official contexts.
取締役並びに監査役の選任について
Regarding the appointment of directors and auditors
日本国民並びに外国人に適用される。
This applies to Japanese citizens and foreign nationals.
経済並びに社会の発展に貢献する。
To contribute to economic and social development.
株主及び債権者並びに従業員及びその家族
Shareholders and creditors, as well as employees and their families
REGISTER: Very formal. Used primarily in:
- Legal documents and contracts
- Corporate bylaws
- Government regulations
- Official announcements
HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE: In legal Japanese, 及び and 並びに create a hierarchy:
- 及び: connects items within a group (smaller units)
- 並びに: connects groups (larger units)
EXAMPLE STRUCTURE:
A及びB並びにC及びD
= (A and B) AND (C and D)
This creates two groups: (A+B) connected to (C+D).
VS. 及び:
- Both mean "and" formally
- 並びに is more formal and connects larger units
- In everyday formal writing, they're often interchangeable
CAUTION: Too formal for casual use. Even in business emails, 及び or just と is usually sufficient.