並(なら)びに

ならびに
conjunction
and, as well as (very formal)
formalbusinesslegalgrammatical
1. and, as well as
Very formal conjunction used to connect larger groups or categories, often in legal or official contexts.
取締役(とりしまりやく)並(なら)びに監査役(かんさやく)の選任(せんにん)について
Regarding the appointment of directors and auditors
日本(にほん)国民(こくみん)並(なら)びに外国人(がいこくじん)に適用(てきよう)される。
This applies to Japanese citizens and foreign nationals.
経済(けいざい)並(なら)びに社会(しゃかい)の発展(はってん)に貢献(こうけん)する。
To contribute to economic and social development.
株主(かぶぬし)及(およ)び債権者(さいけんしゃ)並(なら)びに従業員(じゅうぎょういん)及(およ)びその家族(かぞく)
Shareholders and creditors, as well as employees and their families

Register: Very formal. Used primarily in:

  • Legal documents and contracts
  • Corporate bylaws
  • Government regulations
  • Official announcements

Hierarchical structure: In legal Japanese, 及(およ)び and 並(なら)びに create a hierarchy:

  • 及(およ)び: connects items within a group (smaller units)
  • 並(なら)びに: connects groups (larger units)

Example structure

A及(およ)びB並(なら)びにC及(およ)びD
= (A and B) AND (C and D)

This creates two groups: (A+B) connected to (C+D).

VS. 及(およ)び:

  • Both mean "and" formally
  • 並(なら)びに is more formal and connects larger units
  • In everyday formal writing, they are often interchangeable

Caution: Too formal for casual use. Even in business emails, 及(およ)び or just と is usually sufficient.

Related Words

Compare: 及(およ)び (and (formal, within groups))
general
Added 2026.1.18 19:29 · Revised 2026.9.2 13:05
06500/06923_narabini