1.
and, as well as
Formal conjunction used to connect nouns or noun phrases, equivalent to formal written 'and' in English.
氏名及び住所をご記入ください。
Please fill in your name and address.
本人及びその家族に適用されます。
This applies to the person and their family.
国内及び海外での販売を予定しています。
We plan to sell both domestically and overseas.
教育、医療及び福祉の分野で活動する。
We operate in the fields of education, healthcare, and welfare.
REGISTER: Formal/written. Used in:
- Legal documents
- Official forms
- Business correspondence
- Academic writing
- News reports
FORMALITY SCALE ("and"):
- と: neutral, everyday
- や: listing examples (implies more)
- 及び: formal, exhaustive
- 並びに: even more formal, often for separate categories
USAGE PATTERN: A及びB connects two items at the same level. When listing three or more items:
- A、B及びC (A, B, and C)
VS. 並びに:
- 及び: connects items at the same level
- 並びに: connects larger groups or categories
- Example: A及びB並びにC及びD = (A and B) and (C and D)
CAUTION: Using 及び in casual conversation sounds overly formal or stiff. Use と or や instead.