1.
at, in (location of action)
Marks the location where an action takes place. 学校で勉強する (study at school). Compare with に, which marks location of existence.
2.
by, with (means/method)
Indicates the means, tool, or method used to do something. バスで行く (go by bus), 日本語で話す (speak in Japanese).
3.
made of (material)
Indicates what something is made from. 木で作る (make from wood).
4.
due to, because of (cause)
Indicates the cause or reason. 病気で休む (absent due to illness).
5.
in, within (scope/limit)
Sets a boundary or scope. 三人で (among three people), 一時間で (within an hour).
6.
at (age/situation)
Marks the age or circumstance at which something happens. 二十歳で大学を卒業した (graduated from university at 20).
Similar words
- で marks where an ACTION takes place: 図書館で勉強する
- に marks where something EXISTS: 図書館に本がある
- に marks DESTINATION: 図書館に行く
This で/に distinction is one of the most common sources of errors for learners.
Watch out
- × 図書館に勉強する → ○ 図書館で勉強する
- × 部屋で猫がいる → ○ 部屋に猫がいる
- Material: で when the material is still recognizable (木で作った机); から when it has been transformed (米から作る酒).
Common patterns
Related Words
Compare:
に (location of existence)