()()

おいぬく
verb (godan)
to pass; to overtake; to outstrip
他動詞 transitivemovement
Conjugation
AffirmativeNegative
Present()()()()かない
Present polite()()きます()()きません
Past()()いた()()かなかった
Past polite()()きました()()きませんでした
て form()()いて()()かなくて
ている present()()いている()()いていない
ている polite()()いています()()いていません
ている past()()いていた()()いていなかった
ている past polite()()いていました()()いていませんでした
Conditional ば()()けば()()かなければ
Conditional たら()()いたら()()かなかったら
Volitional()()こう
Volitional polite()()きましょう
Potential()()ける()()けない
Passive()()かれる()()かれない
Causative()()かせる()()かせない
Imperative()()()()くな
1. to pass; to overtake
To catch up with and move ahead of someone or something that was in front. Used for physical movement like running or driving.
(まえ)(くるま)()()いた。
I passed the car in front.
I overtook three people all at once just before the finish line.
It's dangerous to try to pass on a narrow road.
2. to outstrip; to surpass
To exceed someone in performance, ranking, or achievement. Used figuratively for competition, statistics, or progress.
売上(うりあげ)先輩(せんぱい)()()いた。
I surpassed my senior colleague in sales.
This country's population will eventually surpass that of its neighbor.
It's not uncommon for latecoming manufacturers to surpass major companies in technical capability.

Godan verb (五段(ごだん)). Transitive — takes for the person or thing being overtaken.

ASPECT (ている):

  • ()()いた (completed the overtaking)
  • ()()いている (has overtaken; is in a state of having passed)

Similar words

  • ()() means the same but is slightly more common in everyday speech
  • ()()く emphasizes fully passing and leaving behind, while ()() can suggest just moving ahead momentarily

Common collocations