1.
often, not uncommonly, frequently
Indicates that something happens more frequently than one might expect. Used in written and somewhat formal contexts to describe tendencies or recurring patterns, often with a slightly cautionary or critical tone.
Common patterns
Almost always used in the set phrase 往々にして (often, as is frequently the case). Rarely appears without にして. Typically followed by observations about general tendencies.
- 往々にしてある: it often happens
- 往々にして〜ものだ: it is often the case that...
- 往々にして〜がちだ: it tends to...
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More literary and formal than よく or しばしば. Common in essays, commentary, and written analysis. Carries a nuance that the frequency is noteworthy or somewhat problematic.