1.
independent, voluntary, autonomous, self-directed
Acting on one's own initiative without being directed or compelled by others. Used as a modifier to describe activities, organizations, or decisions made independently.
自主練習に励む。
To work hard at independent practice.
会社は製品の自主回収を決めた。
The company decided on a voluntary recall of the product.
生徒たちが自主的に校庭の清掃活動を行った。
The students voluntarily carried out a cleanup of the schoolyard.
USAGE:
Almost always used as a modifier: 自主～ (noun compound) or 自主的に (adverbial). Implies initiative and self-motivation. In Japanese society, 自主 actions are generally viewed positively as showing maturity and responsibility.
COMMON COLLOCATIONS:
- 自主練習: independent practice
- 自主回収: voluntary recall
- 自主規制: voluntary regulation, self-censorship
- 自主的に: voluntarily, on one's own initiative
- 自主退職: voluntary resignation
- 自主制作: independent production