死ぬ
しぬ
verb (godan)
to die
Conjugation
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | 死ぬ | 死なない |
| Present polite | 死にます | 死にません |
| Past | 死んだ | 死ななかった |
| Past polite | 死にました | 死にませんでした |
| て form | 死んで | 死ななくて |
| ている present | 死んでいる | 死んでいない |
| ている polite | 死んでいます | 死んでいません |
| ている past | 死んでいた | 死んでいなかった |
| ている past polite | 死んでいました | 死んでいませんでした |
| Conditional ば | 死ねば | 死ななければ |
| Conditional たら | 死んだら | 死ななかったら |
| Volitional | 死のう | — |
| Volitional polite | 死にましょう | — |
| Potential | 死ねる | 死ねない |
| Passive | 死なれる | 死なれない |
| Causative | 死なせる | 死なせない |
| Imperative | 死ね | 死ぬな |
1.
to die, to pass away
The basic verb for dying, used of people and animals. Plants wither rather than die: 枯れる is the normal verb for them. When speaking about people, 亡くなる is usually preferred as the gentler, more respectful word.
Transitivity: 自動詞 (intransitive). No pair verb. Pattern: Xが死ぬ (X dies).
Aspect: ている indicates resulting state. 死んでいる = 'is dead' (state, not process of dying).
Common patterns
- 病気で死ぬ (die of illness)
- 事故で死ぬ (die in an accident)
- 死にそう (about to die - also used hyperbolically)
- 死んでしまった (has died - regret)
- 死ぬほど〜 (〜 to death: 死ぬほど疲れた, dead tired)
Conjugation
死ぬ is the only ぬ-ending godan verb in everyday use. Its て/た forms take ん: 死んで, 死んだ (not 死にて/死にた).
Which verb for what dies
- 死ぬ: people and animals
- 枯れる: plants (wither, dry up) — 花が死ぬ sounds wrong
- 亡くなる: people only, and the polite default when talking about someone's death
Register
Said of a person, 死ぬ is blunt and factual. Use it for statistics, news, and one's own hypotheticals; switch to 亡くなる when speaking of someone's family or in any careful conversation.
Related Words
Compare:
亡くなる (to pass away (polite))
Compare:
枯れる (to wither, to die (of plants))
Related:
命 (life)
Related:
殺す (to kill)
Compare:
死亡 (death, mortality)
Compare:
はかなくなる (to pass away)
Compare:
逝く (to pass away)