〜化(か)

か

suffix

-ification; -ization (suffix)

1. -ification; -ization; turning into

Suffix attached to a noun or stem to indicate transformation into the state expressed by the base word. Forms abstract nouns and, with する, action verbs meaning 'to turn into X'.

計画(けいかく)を具体(ぐたい)化(か)する。

To make the plan concrete.

社会(しゃかい)の高齢(こうれい)化(か)が進(すす)んでいる。

The aging of society is progressing.

業務(ぎょうむ)の自動(じどう)化(か)によって、効率(こうりつ)が大幅(おおはば)に上(あ)がった。

Automation of operations has greatly improved efficiency.

Attaches to nouns or noun stems to form abstract nouns meaning 'the process of becoming X' or 'turning X into something'. With する, becomes a transformative verb. Highly productive in formal, journalistic, and academic writing.

Compounds

国際(こくさい)化(か): internationalization
自動(じどう)化(か): automation
高齢(こうれい)化(か): aging (of a population)
具体(ぐたい)化(か): making concrete; realization
民営(みんえい)化(か): privatization
電子(でんし)化(か): digitization
悪(あっ)化(か): worsening; deterioration

Common patterns

Noun + 化(か)する: to turn into; to be transformed into
Noun + 化(か)が進(すす)む: ~ization is progressing
Noun + 化(か)を図(はか)る: to aim at ~ization

general

Added 2026.5.29 12:08 · Revised 2026.9.2 13:02

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