1.
other than, except for, besides
Indicates exclusion of what precedes it.
以外 means 'other than' or 'except.'
Grammar patterns:
- [noun]以外: other than [noun]
- [noun]以外に: besides [noun], other than [noun]
- [noun]以外の[noun]: [noun] other than ~
Note: Unlike English, 以外 comes AFTER the thing being excluded.
Similar expressions:
- 〜以外 vs. 〜の他に: Both mean 'besides,' but 以外 emphasizes exclusion, while 他に focuses on addition.
- 〜を除いて: more formal way to say 'except'