1.
stubbornly; firmly; resolutely
Modifies verbs of refusing, denying, or maintaining a position to express that someone will not budge or compromise. Carries a sense of inflexibility — sometimes admiring, often critical.
彼は頑として認めなかった。
He stubbornly refused to admit it.
祖父は頑としてスマホを使おうとしない。
My grandfather stubbornly refuses to use a smartphone.
社長は反対意見が多くても、頑として自分の方針を曲げなかった。
Even with many objections, the president stubbornly refused to bend on his policy.
Formed from 頑 (stubborn) + として (acting as). Almost always pairs with negative verbs of refusing, denying, or rejecting — describing the firmness of someone's resistance.
COMMON COLLOCATIONS:
- 頑として認めない: to stubbornly refuse to admit
- 頑として聞かない: to stubbornly refuse to listen
- 頑として譲らない: to stubbornly refuse to yield
- 頑として曲げない: to stubbornly refuse to bend (one's view)
- 頑として反対する: to stubbornly oppose
SIMILAR WORDS:
- 断固として: firmly, resolutely — more positive tone; conveys determined principle, not stubbornness
- 意地でも: out of sheer stubbornness — informal, suggests pride/spite
- 決して: never, by no means — emphasizes the absoluteness of refusal but lacks the stubbornness nuance