()

しる
verb (godan)
to know, to learn
1. to know, to be aware of
To have knowledge or information about something. Usually used in the form ()っている to express current knowledge.
()っている。
I know.
()らない。
I don't know.
この言葉(ことば)()っています
Do you know this word?
Don't talk to strangers.
I only know that singer's name, but I've never heard their songs.
2. to learn, to find out
To acquire new knowledge or information. ()った expresses the moment of learning something new.
()りました。
I found out.
I learned it from the news yesterday.
I learned about him from a friend.
I was surprised when I found out that fact.
It's fun to learn new things by reading books. I want to learn something every day.

TRANSITIVITY: 他動詞(たどうし) (transitive). No pair verb. Pattern: Xを()る (know/learn X).

ASPECT: SPECIAL - ている indicates resulting state of knowing. ()っている = 'know' (state of having learned). The negative is ()らない (NOT ()っていない). This positive/negative asymmetry is unique.

COMMON PATTERNS:

  • ()っていますか (Do you know?)
  • ()りません/()らない (I don't know)
  • ()りました (I learned/found out)
  • ()らない(ひと) (stranger/unknown person)

()る = moment of learning; ()っている = state of knowing. Different from ()かる (to understand).

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