含(ふく)む

含(ふく)む is a godan verb with two main meanings: to contain/include, and to hold in mouth.

Transitivity

• Type: 他動詞(たどうし) (transitive)
• Takes を particle: ビタミンを含(ふく)む

Usage

1. To contain/include: 税(ぜい)を含(ふく)む (including tax)
2. To hold in mouth: 水(みず)を口(くち)に含(ふく)む

Common patterns

• 〜を含(ふく)む: to contain/include ~
• 〜を含(ふく)めて: including ~
• 〜が含(ふく)まれる: ~ is included (passive)

Common collocations

• 税込(ぜいこ)み: tax included (abbreviation)
• 送料(そうりょう)を含(ふく)む: including shipping
• 意味(いみ)を含(ふく)む: to imply meaning

Related words

• 含(ふく)める: to include (causative)
• 含有(がんゆう): containing (formal)

ASPECT (ている):

• 含(ふく)んでいる: contains, includes (stative — describes a standing fact, not an ongoing action)
• 含(ふく)まれている: is contained / is included (passive stative)
• Note: For the 'contain/include' sense, the ている form (or the passive 含(ふく)まれている) is the standard way to describe what something contains. 料金(りょうきん)は税(ぜい)を含(ふく)んでいます = 'the price includes tax.' The plain 含(ふく)む sounds terse and is usually limited to dictionary-style descriptions and headlines. For sense 2 ('hold in mouth'), 含(ふく)んでいる refers to an ongoing action.