含む
ふくむ
verb (godan)
to contain, to include
See also:
含める (transitive (to include))
Conjugation
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | 含む | 含まない |
| Present polite | 含みます | 含みません |
| Past | 含んだ | 含まなかった |
| Past polite | 含みました | 含みませんでした |
| て form | 含んで | 含まなくて |
| ている present | 含んでいる | 含んでいない |
| ている polite | 含んでいます | 含んでいません |
| ている past | 含んでいた | 含んでいなかった |
| ている past polite | 含んでいました | 含んでいませんでした |
| Conditional ば | 含めば | 含まなければ |
| Conditional たら | 含んだら | 含まなかったら |
| Volitional | 含もう | — |
| Volitional polite | 含みましょう | — |
| Potential | 含める | 含めない |
| Passive | 含まれる | 含まれない |
| Causative | 含ませる | 含ませない |
| Imperative | 含め | 含むな |
1.
to contain, to include
To have something as a part.
含む is a godan verb with two main meanings: to contain/include, and to hold in mouth.
TRANSITIVITY:
- Type: 他動詞 (transitive)
- Takes を particle: ビタミンを含む
TWO MAIN MEANINGS:
1. To contain/include: 税を含む (including tax)
2. To hold in mouth: 水を口に含む
COMMON PATTERNS:
- ～を含む: to contain/include ~
- ～を含めて: including ~
- ～が含まれる: ~ is included (passive)
COMMON COLLOCATIONS:
- 税込み: tax included (abbreviation)
- 送料を含む: including shipping
- 意味を含む: to imply meaning
RELATED WORDS:
- 含める: to include (causative)
- 含有: containing (formal)
ASPECT (ている):
- 含んでいる: contains, includes (stative — describes a standing fact, not an ongoing action)
- 含まれている: is contained / is included (passive stative)
- Note: For the 'contain/include' sense, the ている form (or the passive 含まれている) is the standard way to describe what something contains. 料金は税を含んでいます = 'the price includes tax.' The plain 含む sounds terse and is usually limited to dictionary-style descriptions and headlines. For sense 2 ('hold in mouth'), 含んでいる refers to an ongoing action.