1.
pain, ache
Physical discomfort or suffering.
2.
emotional pain, grief
Mental or emotional suffering.
3.
damage, wear
Deterioration or harm to something.
痛み is the noun form of 痛い (painful). It covers physical pain, emotional suffering, and material damage/deterioration.
PHYSICAL PAIN PATTERNS:
- 痛みを感じる: to feel pain
- 痛みが走る: a sharp pain runs through
- 痛みが引く: pain subsides
- 痛みを和らげる: to ease the pain
- 痛みを伴う: accompanied by pain
EMOTIONAL PAIN:
- 心の痛み: heartache
- 痛みを分かち合う: to share someone's pain
DAMAGE/SPOILAGE:
- 痛みが早い: spoils quickly
- 痛みやすい: perishable, easily damaged