1.
below, under, less than or equal to
Indicates a number/amount that is equal to or less than the specified value.
2.
the following, as follows
Introduces what comes after in a list or explanation.
3.
inferior, subordinate
Lower in rank or quality.
以下 means 'below' or 'less than or equal to.'
IMPORTANT: In Japanese, 以下 INCLUDES the stated number:
- 十以下 = 10 or less (includes 10)
- This differs from English 'less than' which excludes the number
Contrast with 未満:
- 十未満 = less than 10 (excludes 10)
Antonym: 以上 (above, more than or equal to)
Common patterns:
- [number]以下: [number] or less
- 以下の〜: the following ~
- 以下同様: same as below
Related Words
Antonym:
以上 (above, more than or equal to)