1.
below, under, less than or equal to
Indicates a number/amount that is equal to or less than the specified value.
十八歳以下は入場できません。
Those 18 and under cannot enter.
Includes 18
千円以下で買える。
You can buy it for 1000 yen or less.
五人以下のグループ
Groups of five or fewer
十度以下になる。
It will drop to 10 degrees or below.
半分以下だ。
It's less than half.
百キロ以下に制限されている。
It's limited to 100 kg or less.
2.
the following, as follows
Introduces what comes after in a list or explanation.
以下の点に注意してください。
Please pay attention to the following points.
以下、省略。
The rest is omitted. / And so on.
Written documents
以下の条件を満たすこと。
The following conditions must be met.
以下に述べる通りです。
It is as stated below.
以下のリンクを参照してください。
Please refer to the following link.
3.
inferior, subordinate
Lower in rank or quality.
それ以下の成績だった。
The results were inferior to that.
期待以下だった。
It was below expectations.
平均以下の点数。
A score below average.
部長以下、全員参加した。
Everyone from the manager on down participated.
今回の試験の結果は前回以下で、とても残念だった。
This exam's results were worse than last time, which was very disappointing.
以下 means 'below' or 'less than or equal to.'
IMPORTANT: In Japanese, 以下 INCLUDES the stated number:
- 十以下 = 10 or less (includes 10)
- This differs from English 'less than' which excludes the number
Contrast with 未満:
- 十未満 = less than 10 (excludes 10)
Antonym: 以上 (above, more than or equal to)
Common patterns:
- [number]以下: [number] or less
- 以下の〜: the following ~
- 以下同様: same as below
Related Words
Antonym:
以上 (above, more than or equal to)